The hydrothermal synthesis of SNO2 nanoparticles derived from tin chloride precursor for the electron transport layer of perovskite solar cells

Tin oxide (SnO2) semiconductor is recognized as a highly promising material for the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSC) due to their wide band gap energy and high mobility. This has been considered potential alternative substituting conventional titanium dioxide (TiO2). In form of nanostructure material, it expected that SnO2 ETL PSC device can be significantly improved owing its surface area leading more intensive photon absorption. this present study, nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal method with temperature variations ranging from 120 °C 160 16 hours. The as-synthesized samples characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning microscope (SEM), an ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. then integrated into ETL, performance testing was conducted parameter analyzer obtain I-V curve. On basis investigation results, found used during process plays crucial role determining crystallinity, morphology, nanoparticles. results test indicate at 150 demonstrated highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) 3.89 %. outcome confirms viability produced through